

[//]: # (This automatically-generated file merges others in the directory)


### Cognitive Transform Grammar
---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 5)  
His having lied in the past damages his credibilty in the present.  
Voters question whether he is truthful this time around.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 5)  
Let's go to Grandma.  
Let's go to the lawyers.  
Let's go to the press.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 8)  
I saw my neighbor's two black dogs.  
I saw my neighbor's two rescued dogs.  
I saw my neighbor's two latest dogs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 8)  
We have to wait until after the vet's two latest dogs.  
I'm concerned for the rescue organization's two latest dogs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 8)  
Boatmen rescued dogs from the flooded streets.  
Firemen rescued dogs from the burning building.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 9)  
All New Yorkers live in one of five boroughs.  
All New Yorkers complain about how long it takes to commute to New York City.  
The south side of Cambridge voted Conservative.  
Lower Manhattan voted Republican.  
Staten Island voted Republican.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 10)  
The Leafs failed to beat the Habs for the first time this year.  
The Leafs failed to win two consecutive games for the first time this year.  
The Leafs failed to score a goal for the first time this year.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
All residents of the city of New York live in one of five boroughs.  
Many residents of the New York metropolitan area complain about how long it takes to commute to New York City.  
All districts on the south side of Cambridge voted Conservative.  
For the first time this year, the Leafs failed to beat the Habs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
I am parked out back.  
I am parked out back and have been waiting for 15 minutes.  
I am parked out back and may not start.  
I'm in the Whitney Museum.  
I drank two beers.  
I drank two Michelobs.  
I drank two Sauternes last night.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
I'm in the library.  
I've been in the auto shop for the last 15 days.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
My car is parked out back and have been waiting for 15 minutes.  
I drank two pints of beer last night.  
I tried two different Sauternes last night.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 13)  
Three times, students asked an interesting question.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 13)  
Three students asked interesting questions.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 13)  
Time after time, tourists (a tourist) walk(s) by this building with no idea of its history.  
The streets around here are confusing; often people (someone) will ask me for directions.  
Student after student came with their (his/her) paper to complain about my grade(s).  
Student after student -- and their (his/her) parents -- complained about the tuition increase.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 16)  
It is the most common tumour found in babies, occurring in one of every 35,000 births.  
Dengue fever is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics, with as many as 100 million people infected each year.  
Many Taliban living in Afghanistan voted for President Karzai.  
Most of the girls I was meeting had grown up in Mujahedeen schools in Ashraf, where they lived separated from their parents.  
Most experts believe China intends to develop a small space station of its own over the next several years.  
Check out their wine tastings every Friday night!  
For each start tag, there is a corresponding end tag.  
Each collection donated by the Andy Warhol Photographic Legacy Program holds Polaroids of well-known celebrities.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 17)  
A furry black band of ants led up a cupboard door to some scrap that had flicked from a plate.  
The current waiting period is eight weeks.  
I think that's why they immersed themselves in pattern and colour.  
With her appearance finalized, Jasmine became Disney's first non-white princess as opposed to being of European heritage.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 19)  
The city's ambience is colonial and the climate is tropical.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 20)  
The most popular lodging is actually camping on the beaches.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 21)  
Many students and their parents came to complain about the tuition hikes.  
Many students came by my office to complain about their grades.  
Student after student complained about the tuition hikes.  
Student after student came with their parents to complain about the tuition hikes.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 22)  
Three times, students asked an interesting question.  
Three times, a student asked an interesting question.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 26)  
The newspaper you are reading is being sued.  
Liverpool, an important harbor, built new docks.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 26)  
The newspaper fired a reporter and fell off the table.  
Liverpool beat Tottenham and built new docks.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 26)  
Liverpool wants to sign a left-footed striker.  
That newspaper plans to fire its editorial staff.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 29)  
There are footprints on the beach.  
There's a hole in the bucket.  
There are footprints leading up the hill.  
There are train tracks leading up the hill.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 29)  
Salesmen are intelligent.  
Salesmen are knocking on the door.  
Should I let them in?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 30)  
There are ink stains on the pages of this book.  
There is a pretty sunset over the river.  
In some neighborhoods, cicada insects make loud sounds from sunset to sunrise.  
The audience rose to give thundering applause.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 31)  
I am in the Hall of Fame.  
I am on TV.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 31)  
I'm in the second crate on the right.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 34)  
Do you have almond milk?  
Can you get MsNBC on your TV?  
This isn't a screw-cap bottle: I need a corkscrew.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 34)  
I think the window is open, can you close it?  
I see you have almond milk, can I have some?  
If you get MsNBC, can you turn on Rachel Maddow?  
If there is a corkscrew in the house, can you get it?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 35)  
I believe you have a reservation for Jones?  
I believe this is the customer service desk?  
I believe we ordered a second basket of garlic bread?  
I believe you can help me find computer accessories in this section?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 35)  
Do you have any milk?  
Yes, we have almond milk.  
No, we have almond milk.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 35)  
Can you put some almond milk in my coffee?  
Is there milk in this coffee?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 35)  
It's not open, but there's still some cold air coming through the cracks.  
It's not open, but I closed the window in the bedroom.  
I can't -- it's stuck.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 36)  
The window, it's still open.  
A window, it's still open.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 36)  
He scribbled on a living-room wall.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 36)  
I believe the kitchen window is open -- please close it!  
I believe some window is open -- please close it!  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 37)  
Grandma wants us to close the window.  
He wants a bottle opener.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 37)  
Grandma wants us to eliminate the cold draft.  
He wants something to open that bottle.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 37)  
Can I have some milk?  
Can you close the kitchen window?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 37)  
Remember that wine we tasted on the Niagara Peninsula last summer? Can you find it in our local liquor store?  
Remember that wine we tasted on the Niagara Peninsula last summer? What varietal was that again?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 38)  
That wine was a Cabernet Franc.  
Those dogs are my neighbor's. They are very sweet.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 39)  
Those dogs are Staffordshires.  
What's a Staffordshire?  
It's a breed of dog.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 41)  
My colleague Ms. O'Shea would like to interview Mr. Jones, who's an old friend of mine. Can he take this call?  
I'm sorry, this is his secretary. Mr. Jones is not available at the moment.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 41)  
Mr. Jones, were you present at a meeting where the governor promised your employer a contract in exchange for campaign contributions?  
After consulting with my lawyers, I decline to answer that question on the grounds that it may incriminate me.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 41)  
Is Jones there?  
He is not available.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 43)  
If the kitchen window is closed, we can see if other windows are open.  
If no windows are open, we can see if there is a draft through the window-cracks.  
If there is no draft, we can ask if she wants a sweater.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 44)  
This wine is a young Syrah.  
My cousin adopted one of my neighbor's dog's puppies.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 44)  
The majority of students polled were opposed to tuition increases.  
Most of the students expressed disappointment about tuition increases.  
Many students have protested the tuition increases.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 45)  
Most students oppose the tuition increase.  
Most students oppose a tuition increase.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 45)  
Today the state university system announced plans to raise tuition by at least 10 percent. Most students oppose a tuition increase.  
Colleges all over the country, facing rising costs, have had to raise tuition, but most students oppose a tuition increase.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 46)  
Student after student came out against the tuition hikes.  
A substantial number of students have come out against the tuition hikes.  
The number of students protesting the tuition hikes may soon reach a critical mass.  
Protests against the tuition hikes may have reached a tipping point.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 49)  
John is married to a woman from his home country, but he had to get the marriage legally recognized here.  
John married his boyfriend in Canada, but they live in a state that does not recognize same-sex marriages.  
John has been married for five years, but in many ways he's still a bachelor.  
Every married man needs a bachelor pad somewhere, and wherever yours is, you need a mini-fridge.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 50)  
New Yorkers live in one of five boroughs.  
New Yorkers reliably vote for Democratic presidential candidates.  
New Yorkers constantly complain about how long it takes to commute to New York City.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 50)  
All New York City residents live in one of five boroughs.  
The majority of New York voters support Democratic presidential candidates.  
Many New York metro area residents complain about how long it takes to commute to New York City.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
We understand that the pipe fitters are also planning to picket the Lake Worth, Florida project as well.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 55)  
I snacked on toast and coffee.  
I snacked on buttered toast and iced coffee.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 55)  
I snacked on toast and instant coffee.  
I snacked on toast and Eritrean coffee.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 59)  
There's some coffee on your shirt.  
There's coffee all over the table.  
She poured coffee from an ornate beaker.  
There's too much coffee in the grinder.  
There's a lot of coffee left in the pot.  
There's a lot of coffee left in the pot -- should I pour it out?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 59)  
There are coffees all over the far wall at the espresso bar.  
She poured coffees from an ornate beaker.  
There are a lot of coffees left on the table -- shall I pour them out?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 59)  
New Yorkers live in one of five boroughs.  
New Yorkers reliably vote for Democratic presidential candidates.  
New Yorkers constantly complain about how long it takes to commute to New York City.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 60)  
People fed the rescued dogs.  
Vets examined the rescued dogs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 60)  
Every singer performed two songs.  
Everyone performed two songs.  
Everyone sang along to two songs.  
Everyone in the audience sang along to two songs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 60)  
The rescued dogs had been treated by vets in the past (but were subsequently abandoned by their owners).  
Every singer performed (the last) two songs (for the grand finale).  
Everyone in the audience sang along to two songs (they were randomly handed lyrics to different songs when they came in, and we asked them to join in when the song being performed onstage matched the lyrics they had in hand).  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 62)  
The rescued dogs were treated by an experienced vet. One needed surgery and one got a blood transfusion. We went there yesterday and both looked much better.  
The rescued dogs were treated by an experienced vet. One had been struck by a car and needed surgery on his leg. We went there yesterday and saw debris from another car crash -- it's a dangerous stretch of highway.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 62)  
The rescued dogs were treated by an experienced vet. We saw a lot of other dogs getting medical attention.  
The rescued dogs were treated by an experienced vet. It looked very modern, like a human hospital.  
The rescued dogs were treated by an experienced vet. We looked around and realized how dangerous that road is -- for humans as well as dogs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 63)  
The trade rescued a star athlete from a losing team.  
New mathematical models rescued her original research from obscurity.  
Discovery of nearby earth-like planets rescued that star from its reputation as ordinary and boring and revealed that its solar system may actually be extraordinary.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 65)  
My favorite band gave a free concert last night. They played some new songs.  
There was some pizza earlier, but it's all gone.  
There were some slices of pizza earlier, but it's all gone.  
There were some slices of toast earlier, but there's none left.  
There was some toast earlier, but they're all gone.  
That franchise had a core of talented young players, but it got eroded by trades and free agency.  
That franchise had a cohort of talented players, but they drifted away due to trades and free agency.  
Many star players were drafted by that franchise, but it has not won a title in decades.  
Many star players were drafted by that franchise, but they failed to surround them with enough depth.  
Many star players were drafted by that franchise, but they were not surrounded with enough depth.  
Many star players were drafted by that franchise, but they did not have enough depth (around them).  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 66)  
The band planned a tour, where they debuted new songs.  
The team flew to New York and they played the Yankees.  
The city's largest theater company will perform The Flies.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 66)  
The city's largest theater company performed The Flies in French, but everyone's accent sounded Quebecois.  
The city's largest theater company performed The Flies; then they invited a professor to discuss Sartre's philosophy when the play was over.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 68)  
We learned that people fed the rescued dogs.  
No-one seriously entertained the belief that he would govern in a bipartisan manner.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 68)  
The Trump campaign colluded with Russia.  
Several witnesses testified that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia.  
Reputable newspapers have reported that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia.  
Most Democrats believe that the Trump campaign colluded with Russia.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 68)  
I believed in Father Christmas.  
I believed in Peace on Earth.  
I believed in Obama.  
I believed in lies.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 69)  
Obama wouldn't budge on reproductive rights.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 72)  
War could break out any time.  
The war has lasted many years.  
A tenuous peace has held for over a year now.  
The cruel war is raging, Johnny has to fight.  
War is a cause of misery.  
The use of war to score political points is immoral.  
Most of the refugees are fleeing civil war.  
Before the war, things were different.  
Historians will study this war for a long time.  
Diplomats met from many countries to discuss the civil war.  
The international community must end this war.  
Diplomats met to discuss how to maintain the peace.  
Don't underestimate our resolve -- this is war!  
Secretly the governments met to discuss peace.  
We must first and foremost work for peace.  
Environmental degradation was a cause of the war.  
All this destruction was a result of the war.  
There is more war to come.  
A little peace would make a big difference.  
There is war between moderates and radicals.  
The moderates made peace with the radicals.  
Some countries pulled out of the war.  
The countries are now officially at war.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 72)  
The peace was finally achieved.  
The war was finally achieved.  
The peace lasted for five years.  
The war went on for five years.  
The peace went on for five years.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 78)  
The book she read was very interesting.  
I recommended a book that she read immediately.  
A book just appeared that she read immediately.  
I recommended a book I read years ago to her.  
This time Harry didn't cause our defeat.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 79)  
It's odd that Clyde married Bertha.  
Londoners most often go to Brighton.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 79)  
Bill doesn't drink because he's unhappy.  
Stir in rice wine and seasonings.  
Alice bought a dog. A poodle.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 80)  
The roof leaks if a building hasn't been maintained.  
The team is unsuccessful because the coach is so incompetent.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 80)  
If you see a dress and you really like it you should buy it while you can.  
At least for Alice that wonderful dress is just too expensive.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 81)  
Last night, she was painting Easter eggs.  
With a fine brush, she was painting Easter eggs.  
Open the carton. Now remove the monitor carefully.  
The Johnsons are solid citizens. They pay their taxes. They attend PTA meetings.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 83)  
It's amazing, the things she says sometimes.  
It's ridiculous, what he's saying.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 89)  
Rhinos in that park are threatened by poachers.  
Young rhinos are threatened by poachers.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 89)  
Let's find a restaurant that's family-friendly.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 91)  
I got glue for your daughter.  
I got glue for your coffee mug.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 91)  
We're going to Grandma!  
Let's go to him right now.  
Let's go to the lawyers.  
Let's go to the press.  

#


[//]: # (This automatically-generated file merges others in the directory)


### Conceptual Spaces/Cognitive Grammar
---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 3)  
The hill gently rises from the bank of the river.  
The hill gently falls to the bank of the river.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 4)  
Those problems were fully expected by the organizers.  
To encounter those problems was fully expected by the organizers.  
That she will graduate in June is expected by her mother.  
That they would encounter problems was expected by everybody.  
The painters expect that they will finish on time.  
That they will finish on time is expected by the painters.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 4)  
If we had had confidence the president clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so.  
I think he's rather ... uh ... competitive  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 5)  
I like Ontario wines.  
I like red wines from Southern Ontario.  
I like dry red wines that come from Southern Ontario wineries using traditional European grape varieties.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 5)  
John is embarassed because he spilled some wine on the carpet.  
John shouldn't be embarassed about spilling wine on the carpet, because they served us wine in awkward plastic cups.  
I'm going to tell John not to be embarassed about spilling wine on the carpet, because they served us wine in these dumb plastic cups.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 7)  
He ran through the mall.  
He put through the call.  
Through the mall he ran.  
The call was put through.  
He put the call through.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 7)  
They began arguing before they even sat down.  
They began arguing before dinner.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
You know that Warren leads Biden in the polls, don't you?  
I hope that Warren can appeal to moderates.  
I'm sure that Warren will pivot to the center and will poll well with moderates.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 12)  
Warren will probably win the nomination.  
Biden's support among the base is eroding.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 14)  
May I have a baguette?  
Two Euros, please.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 14)  
I would like to purchace a baguette.  
If you give me two Euros, I will give you a baguette and recognize it as yours.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 17)  
I would like to interview Mr. Jones, is he in his office?  
I'm sorry, Mr. Jones is not available.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 21)  
That's a hungry window overlooking the yard.  
That's a porcelain touchdown under video review.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 21)  
That's a stained-glass window overlooking the yard.  
That's a porcelain vase under fluorescent lights.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 21)  
This team is hungry for a win.  
The violent protesters are hungry for revenge.  
Most voters are hungry for a change.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 22)  
The porcelain cat is black.  
Garfield is a talking cat in a comic strip.  
In the musical, all the actors are cats.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 22)  
The porcelain cat is hungry.  
Garfield ate my breakfast.  
All the cats are hungry because the actors don't eat before the show starts.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 22)  
The fans are hungry for a goal.  
That fan is hungry for a goal.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 22)  
I am hungry for some sleep.  
The dogs are hungry for water.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 26)  
Biden's support among his base is eroding.  
Violent clashes between protesters and the police have spilled out into the streets.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 37)  
I walked earlier this morning.  
I walked for two hours.  
I walked the dogs earlier this morning.  
I brought wine to the party.  
John brought Champagne!  
I brought Champagne for John.  
I gave Champagne to John.  
I wrote a check for the charity.  
I wrote a check to the charity.  
I gave a check to the charity.  
I gave a donation to the charity.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 38)  
I walked to the store.  
I visited the store.  
I walked toward the store.  
I walked past the store.  
I walked around the puddle.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 38)  
I'm headed toward the store.  
This bus is rerouted along Queen Street.  
Traffic was diverted around the highway.  
The steps lead through the underpass.  
The boat is heading under the bridge.  
Please make an omelet for the dogs.  
Please make the dogs an omelet.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 38)  
I'm heading out.  
I'm heading out to the store.  
We have to drive to the entrance.  
We have to drive past the highway.  
We have to drive past the highway to the entrance.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 38)  
We have to go to the counter by the cashier near the front of the store for a ticket.  
The waiter carved some duck for Grandma at the table with an ornate knife.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 39)  
I studied.  
I studied math.  
I studied for two hours.  
I studied last night.  
I studied in a bookstore.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 42)  
I baked a cake for Grandma.  
I baked Grandma a cake.  
I gave a cake to Grandma.  
I gave Grandma a cake.  
I baked and gave Grandma a cake.  
I baked Grandma a cake and gave it to her last night.  
I baked Grandma a cake with the recipe she gave me.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 42)  
I'm heading out.  
I'm heading out to the store.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 44)  
The rice has a nice yellow color that comes from turmeric.  
Make sure the rice doesn't burn.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 44)  
The effect was discovered by some scientists who were working in this lab.  
The effect was discovered by some scientists working in this lab.  
The effect was discovered by some scientists in this lab.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 44)  
The vandalism was discovered by some scientists who were working in this lab.  
The vandalism was discovered by some scientists working in this lab.  
The vandalism was discovered by some scientists in this lab.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 47)  
I brought you some wine.  
We bought him some school supplies.  
I carved Grandma some duck.  
The coach hit the infielders some ground balls.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 48)  
Don't think you can Champagne me into forgiving you.  
If they healthy scratch him enough he might accept a trade.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 48)  
Don't think you can just buy me Champagne and I'll forgive you.  
If they make him a healthy scratch enough times, he might accept a trade.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 49)  
This bus drops passengers off downtown.  
This bus drops passengers off along Queen street.  
This bus drops passengers off downtown along Queen street.  
This bus will take you downtown via Queen street.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 50)  
I opened the wine with an antique corkscrew.  
I opened the wine in the kitchen.  
I opened the wine to aerate.  
I opened the wine for John.  
I opened the wine because John asked me to.  
I opened the wine in the kitchen for John so it could aerate because he asked me to.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
Giving John advice is impossible.  
You promised to make us pancakes!  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
I gave John a Cabernet Franc from the winery he visited during a trip along the Niagara escarpment last summer.  
We'll award a prize to the first caller who correctly identifies who scored the game-winning goal last night.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
The instructor hit them ground balls to practice fielding and throwing in one motion.  
The instructor hit ground balls toward the infieldsers so that they could practice fielding and throwing in one motion.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
I found the wine that John recommended.  
Please use brown rice when making the pilaf.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
What was it that you used to open the wine?  
Which avenue does this bus go down when it drops off passengers?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
Those dogs are barking loudly.  
Those dogs really keep barking.  
Those dogs are really barking.  
Those dogs are really barking loudly.  
Those dogs are barking -- really loudly.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 52)  
She is heading out early.  
She is heading out with the dogs.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 52)  
We know that Warren and Sanders appeal to the same cohort of voters.  
I know that Szechuan recipes call for hot pepper, but John can't eat spicy food.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 52)  
I told you Toronto would win!  
I know you like hot pepper, but John can't eat spicy food.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 53)  
He is struggling to hold the groceries.  
We need a bag to hold to groceries.  
She is trying to get our attention.  
She is shouting to get our attention.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 54)  
We should look for the wine that John recommended last summer.  
I have to shout because the cars are making a lot of noise outside.  
Warren presented more detailed policy proposals than Sanders, at each of the debates where they were both onstage.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 54)  
I'd like to try this restaurant.  
I'd like to try that mountain.  
The city is trying ranked-choice voting next election.  
I'm going to try binoculars at the next game.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 55)  
He reluctantly tried Champagne for the first time.  
She will try hard to ski during our vacation.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 56)  
They have a lot of regional beers on tap, and I've tried most of them.  
They have a lot of regional beer on tap, and I order some whenever I come here.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 56)  
My favorite newspaper is on the table.  
My favorite newspaper hired a new editor.  
I walk past my favorite newspaper everyday.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 57)  
We are driving across Pennsylvania.  
We are driving within Pennsylvania.  
We are driving toward Pennsylvania.  
We are driving to Pennsylvania.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 57)  
I passed a glass of Champagne to John.  
I send good wishes to the children.  
I hung a leaflet on the whiteboard.  
Their best player was traded to the Lakers.  
Turning now to hockey, the Leafs just fired their coach.  
He will get another job: it's not like they sent him into retirement.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 58)  
My neighbor fired her dog-walker.  
My neighbor's dogs fired their dog-walker.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 62)  
His commute started an hour ago at the paper.  
Her career started at the paper.  
Start your weekend with Sunday's paper.  
Socioeconomic research starts with your local paper.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 63)  
I walk past the paper on my way to work.  
I walked from the library straight to class.  
I spend time around that sculpture every weekend.  
I walked through the door, which was unlocked.  
It took us an hour to cross the border.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 63)  
The border took an hour.  
The border is closed.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 67)  
Please hand me the red scarf?  
Have you seen my orange coffee mug?  
Your keys are on the blue table.  
My purse is the black one.  
The yellow column shows last year's data.  
On the mantle was a purple vase.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 68)  
Please hand me the plaid scarf?  
Have you seen my green-white-orange coffee mug?  
Your keys are on the checkerboard table.  
My purse is the striped one.  
The cross-hatch column shows last year's data.  
On the mantle was a spiral-pattern vase.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 78)  
How are we doing today?  
Your new car is waiting!  
You guys coming with?  
You all gonna love this!  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 80)  
I expect them to win.  
I expect for them to win.  
I expect that they will win.  
I expect that of them.  
I ask alot of them.  
I ask that of you.  
I ask that to you.  
I ask you that.  
I ask for you to be in good health.  
I ask you to stay in good health.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 86)  
She failed to hold the groceries.  
She asked me to hold the groceries.  
She asked that I hold the groceries.  
Where is a bag to hold the groceries?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 88)  
A pastor we have known for years married John to Katherine.  
His parents finally married John off to Katherine.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 94)  
I authorized him to attend the conference, and I'm expecting him to give a lecture.  
I authorized him to attend the conference, and I'm persuading him to give a lecture.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 94)  
I authorized him to attend the conference, but I was overruled.  
I authorized him to attend the conference, but he refused.  
I authorized him to attend the conference, but our school said he is just too controversial.  
I authorized him to attend the conference, but his school said he is just too busy.  

#


[//]: # (This automatically-generated file merges others in the directory)


### Interface Theory of Meaning
---

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 10)  
He opened the wine bottle with an ornate corkscrew.  
He opened the beer bottle with a butterfly corkscrew.  
I thought this was a screw-top but it turns out I need a corkscrew.  
This X3D file shows a very realistic corkscrew created with NURBS surfaces.  
Could you send me the corkscrew (the X3D file you just mentioned)?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
Do you have a bottle opener?  
Could you get me a corkscrew?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
He opened the bottle of beer with a hammer.  
He pounded the nail with a lever corkscrew.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 11)  
A hammer is something used to pound nails.  
A lever corkscrew is something used to open wine.  
A lever corkscrew can be used to pound nails.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 12)  
Can you bring me a bucket of water?  
Can you bring me a glass of water?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 12)  
The ocean is over there.  
The water is over there.  
You can see the ocean from here.  
You can see the water from here.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 13)  
The water and the Deuterium Dioxide is over there.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 13)  
Here's a glass of water.  
Bing cherries are dark red.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 26)  
Our house is across the lake.  
I poured wine from a decanter.  
Some wine spilled from the decanter.  
I put spackle on the wall with a knife.  
Paint spattered all over the wall after a can droppped.  
There's a purple-and-blue color pattern all over the wall.  
There are drawings all over the wall.  
There's a plastic sheet all over the wall.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 27)  
I'm going to a party at my brother's house.  
This restaurant has the best Hokkien noodles.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 29)  
He had to cut the crusty bread with a serrated knife.  
The museum had antique butter knives with intricate carvings.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 31)  
What time does the office open?  
What time does train 100 depart from Newark?  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 43)  
Today is Tuesday.  
The big departmental meeting is Tuesday.  
It is very windy.  
The lousy weather is very windy.  
They are forecasting snow.  
The latest reports are forecasting snow.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 43)  
She is a salaried employee.  
He is an elected official.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
A penguin is a flightless bird.  
Rhinos in that park are threatened by poachers.  
Baby elephants don't have tusks.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 51)  
My favorite Korean restaurant is adjacent to the bookstore.  
My favorite Korean restaurant is closed today.  
My favorite Korean restaurant is decorated with posters from the 2002 World Cup.  
My favorite Korean restaurant started out in a food court.  
My favorite Korean restaurant said I'm their most loyal customer.  
She's constantly barking at her employees.  
He's not playing well because his back is barking at him.  
He's not playing well because his sore back is acting up.  
The kitten barked at the dog.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 52)  
Tea-smoked duck is a Sichuan delicacy.  
The baby's favorite toy is a rubber duck.  
Wedding ducks are traditional Korean gifts.  

#
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(page 52)  
This book, which costs 40 dollars, has some crazy ideas inside.  
This book, which the library classifies as young adult nonfiction, has some dude's phone number scrawled inside.  
My boss barks louder than his dog does.  

#
